Kirchhoff’s Circuit Law 克希荷夫(基爾霍夫)定律：複雜電路

在電路中，流經各電阻的電流應為多小安培？

求答案需要使用：

  1. OHM’s Law
  2. Kirchhoff’s Circuit Law 第一定律：Kirchhoff’s Current Law
  3. Kirchhoff’s Circuit Law 第二定律：Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

先把電路中各個電阻的電流用代號定義

利用 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 和 OHM’s Law 制定三條電流流經電阻的公式

電池電壓 – 5Ω電阻電壓 – 2Ω電阻電壓 = 0V
公式1：9 – i₁x 5 -(i₁ + i₃) x 2 = 0

公式2：9 – i₂ x 1 – (i₂ – i₃) x 3 = 0

公式3：9 – i₂ x 1 – i₃ x 2 – (i₁ + i₃) x 2 = 0

獲得3條公式後，然後化解簡化：

公式1：9 – i₁ x 5 -(i₁ + i₃) x 2 = 0
公式2：9 – i₂ x 1 – (i₂ – i₃) x 3 = 0
公式3：9 – i₂ x 1 – i₃ x 2 – (i₁ + i₃) x 2 = 0

化解公式1：9 – 7i₁ – 2i₃ = 0
化解公式2：9 – 4i₂ + 3i₃ = 0
化解公式3：9 – 2i₁ – i₂ -4i₃ = 0

把 i₃ 消除

公式1: (9 – 7i₁) = 2i₃
公式2: (4i₂ – 9) = 3i₃
公式3：(9 – 2i₁ – i₂) = 4i₃

(公式1 x 2) – (公式3) = 0
2(9 – 7i₁) – (9 – 2i₁ – i₂) = 0
18 – 14i₁ – 9 + 2i₁ + i₂ = 0
9 – 12i₁ + i₂ = 0
公式4: 12i₁ – 9 = i₂

(公式1 x 3) – (公式2 x 2) = 0
3(9 – 7i₁) – 2(4i₂ – 9) = 0
27 – 21i₁ – 8i₂ + 18 = 0
45 – 21i₁ – 8i₂ = 0
公式5: 45 – 21i₁ = 8i₂

(公式4 x 8) – (公式5) = 0
8(12i₁ – 9) – (45 – 21i₁) = 0
96i₁ – 72 – 45 + 21i₁ = 0
117i₁ – 117 = 0
117i₁ = 117
結果：i₁ = 1A

因此

i₁ = 1A, i₂ = 3A, i₃ = 1A

Passive sign convention 被動符號規定

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mH-XUGkNohM

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=II2nDdt4uX0

在電氣工程中，（被動符號規定 PSC）是電氣工程界普遍採用的用於定義電路中電源符號的符號約定或任意標準規則。

重點：用符號分別元件是「供」還是「得」

被動符號規定 (得)(獲得電流)
主動符號規定 (供)(提供電流)

用手提電話充電來分析 Passive sign convention

正常手機充電

不正常手機充電

手機電池越充越無電

充電倒流放電

ECU Remap Target

– Performance remap

– 50/50 remap

– Economy remap

– Launch Control (where available)

– Popcorn Limiter/Hard Cut Limiter (Where available)

– DPF delete

– EGR delete

– VAG Hot start problems

– Speed limiter

– Lamda delete

– pop and bang /overrun

Best software for tunning ECU

Swiftec:

Pros:
Have automatic DPF OFF, EGR OFF etc
make good axis (ads factors etc.)
Easy to use

Cons:
Does not find all maps.
The newer auto is the less maps. I have used swiftec in by my friends and in autos abowe 2012 many maps he has to look manually.

ECM Titanium:

Pros:
Find almost all maps for all cars
Not as easy as Swiftec but still easy to use

Cons:
does not edit Axis and does not add factor (have to add it manually)
Does not do EGR OFF
Does not do DPF OFF

Winols oryg + damos files:

Pros:
You can buy almost every ECU damos
If You have damos then You know that You have all maps (not as in Swiftec)
Its more professional

Cons:
You have to find maps manually without damos
You have to buy every damos which in long term will cost more then Swiftec or ECM.
Does not do DPF EGR automaticly

source : https://www.digital-kaos.co.uk/forums/showthread.php/666402-ECM-Titanium-vs-Swiftec-vs-Winols

ECU Support Range of Ferrari, Lamborghini & Porsche

Ferrari

348 GTS/GTB/Spider (3.4 V8 -320 Hp)
355 GTS/GTB/Spider (3.5 v8 – 380 Hp)
360 Modena/Spider (1999-2024) (3.6 V8 – 401 Hp)
456 (5.5 v12 – 428 Hp)
458 Italia (4.5 V8 – 570 Hp, 4.5 V8 Speciale – 605 Hp, Challenge V8 (Track Only – 570 Hp) )
488 GTB/Spider (2015 – .) (3.9 V8 Bi – 670 Hp)
512TR (5.0 v12 – 428 Hp)
599 GTB (6.0 v12 – 620 Hp)
599 GTO (6.0 v12 – 670 Hp)
612 Scaglietti (V12 – 540 Hp)
California (3.9 V8 Turbo – 560 Hp, 4.3 V8 – 460Hp)
Enzo (2002 > 2004) (6.0 V12 – 660 Hp)
F12 (2012 – ..) (6.3 V12 – 740 Hp)
F150 (2013 – ..) (6.3 V12 – 950Hp), (2017 > ..)(3.5T V6 Ecoboost – 370Hp, 3.5T V6 Raptor – 450 Hp)
F430 (10/2004 – ..) (4.3 V8 – 490 Hp, 4.3 V8 – 510 Hp)
FF (2011 – ..) (6.2 V12 – 660 Hp)
GTC 4 Lusso (2016 ->..)(3.9 V8 Bi-Turbo – 610 Hp, 6.3 V12 – 690 Hp)
La (6.3i V12 – 963 Hp)
M575 (5.8 v12 – 515 Hp)

Lamborghini

Aventador (6.5 V12 – 700Hp)
Gallardo (COUPE 500Hp, LP 530 530Hp, LP 550 550Hp, LP 560 560Hp, LP 570 570Hp, SESTO ELEMENTO 570Hp, SPYDER 520Hp, SUPERLEGGERA 530Hp)
Huracan
Murcielago

Porsche

911
Boxster
Carrera GT
Cayenne
Cayman
Macan
Panamera